the galvanized yankees

They garrisoned frontier forts which were low on manpower at a time of general unrest among American Indians and were stationed along the Missouri River and Oregon and Santa Fe Trails. Assigned to the District of Eastern Virginia, Department of Virginia and North Carolina, it moved to Norfolk, Virginia, where on orders of General Grant it was relegated to provost duty there, Portsmouth, Virginia, and Elizabeth City, North Carolina. Publication Date: 1986-01-01. Volunteers, one of the units of "Galvanized Yankees," or Confederate prisoners who earned their release from prison by volunteering for Western duty. This book was released on 2012-10-23 with total page 421 pages. Once in federal custody, a number of these former Union soldiers sought to rejoin their old regiments. The Galvanized Yankees. [n 12] was authorized at the Rock Island prisoner camp in October 1864 as a one-year regiment but not organized until February 1865. Volunteers, serving in Minnesota. Available in PDF, EPUB and Kindle. The matter was then referred to President Lincoln, who gave verbal authorization on January 2, 1864, and formal authorization on March 5 to raise the 1st United States Volunteer Infantry for three years' service without restrictions as to use. About 7000 POWs took advantage of this offer, mostly sent to areas far removed from the major battles of the time. Well- written exploration of the mostly forgotten part of the American Civil War out West. Disease seriously depleted the ranks of the regiment, and in December 1864, the 3rd Maryland Cavalry consolidated into a six-company battalion. At the same time the 3rd USVI was being recruited at Rock Island, the US Navy enlisted a substantial number of POWs from Rock Island and Camp Douglas. An interesting book by a very readable author relating the adventures of a body of men sometimes regarded as turncoats by their comrades. The recruits were required to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy, and were not issued arms or ammunition until the night before their first engagement. The Galvanized Yankees were ordered westward. Condition Used Edition First Edition Thus (1963); unstated. Byways & Historic Trails Great Drives in America, Soldiers and Officers in American History, Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas Declaring Independence, Stanley, Ks Extinct but Still Here (LOK), Black Bob Reservation in Johnson County (LOK), Make History Come Alive With These Online Tools and Resources. Introduction Galvanized Yankees was a term from the American Civil War denoting former Confederate prisoners of war who swore allegiance to the United States and joined the Union Army. Answer (1 of 3): There were a lot of Confederate soldiers who switched sides. The following May, the Confederate Congress passed a joint resolution suspending exchange of black Union soldiers and their white officers, and ordering that they instead be put on trial and punished. The expression "galvanized Yankees" sprang up as a term of deprecation among Confederate prisoners for those who chose to enlist. Four companies continued to Milwaukee, while six companies (B, C, D, E, H, and K) were sent to St. Louis, Missouri, arriving there August 22. She accompanied the regiment up the Missouri River and shared the soldiers hardships on the march. At the very least, it seemed to offer a better alternative to life in a POW camp. However, Fort Rice was not a good assignment, and many died of disease or violence during the winter of 1865. Many details and excerpts from diaries, etc. Save the date to save big! While the vast majority of Confederate recruits were eventually sent to the frontier far away from the battlefields of the Civil War, at least one unit was sent into combat against rebel forces. [n 24] In July and August 1864, Capt. Galvanized Yankees - Meet the Confederate POWs who joined the Union Army - MilitaryHistoryNow.com 12 August, 2013 The Battle of Platte Bridge of 1865 saw a U.S. Army regiment made up of Confederate POWs fight off a vastly superior force of native warriors. Historian Dee Brown uncovers an exciting episode in American history: During the Civil War, a group of Confederate soldiers opted to assist the Union Army rather than endure the grim conditions of POW camps. [n 5]. After suffering a number of casualties, the 2nd New Jersey Cavalry responded with a charge in which it took severe casualties, including 22 dead, and lost 80 horses but captured more than 500 prisoners, among whom were Burke and 254 former Union soldiers from Burke's Battalion of the 10th Tennessee. From Fort Leavenworth the unit marched to Fort Riley, and stationed companies there and at Salem, Fort Ellsworth, Fort Larned, Fort Zarah and Fort Scott, Kansas. Though he befriended Two Bears of the Yanktonai Sioux, he made the mistake of considering Two Bears enemies to be his own. In November, the men raised $1,000 to buy their colonel a sword, silk sash, silver inlaid revolver, and field glasses. [6], In January 1863, following issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation, the United States began to actively recruit black soldiers. During the American Civil War, many captured Confederate soldiers were offered a choice of rotting in a Union prisoner of war camp or entering the Union army to fight Indians on the Western frontier. [36] A concerted recruiting effort began on October 12 and continued to the end of the war. A very interesting read about how the west was developed during the expansion years. I learned a little but mostly ended up wanting more, a lot more. The cast and creators of the Broadway musical "Parade" are speaking out for the first time since neo-Nazi protesters gathered outside their theater. in the middle of guides you could enjoy now is A People Highly Favoured Of God The Nova Scotia Yankees And The American Revolution below. The Galvanized Yankees Paperback - June 1, 1986 by Dee Brown (Author) 101 ratings See all formats and editions Kindle $0.00 Read with Kindle Unlimited to also enjoy access to over 3 million more titles $11.99 to buy Hardcover $32.67 4 Used from $29.50 1 Collectible from $250.00 Paperback $22.95 32 Used from $2.10 14 New from $17.19 Number of Pages: 255. Raised the previous winter in Rock Island, Illinois, the 3rd USVI was made up entirely of veterans of the Confederate States Army. In the case of the 4th USVI, more than a tenth of its recruits slipped away from the regiment before it even arrived at its first frontier outpost. As usual, Dee Brown finds subjects of interest to write about. Provisions and treaty goods were often shoddy or were stolen by traders. In August 1864, Grant ordered it to the Department of the Northwest in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. It is your entirely own mature to play a part reviewing habit. The battery moved to Fortress Monroe to train, where some members were induced to join the newly created 188th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry. Galvanized Yankees were Confederate prisoners of war who joined the Union Army and went west to fight Indians. Elbert Sidney Dula Co. C, 60th NC Regiment, captured at Missionary Ridge, TN November, 1863. [2] The general use of "galvanized Yankees" originated in a story in the Springfield Republican (Springfield, Massachusetts) on May 25, 1865, by Samuel Bowles, who wrote: Among the present limited number of troops on the Plain are two regiments of infantry, all from the rebel army. [5][n 2] Gen. Gilman Marston, commandant of the huge prisoner of war camp at Point Lookout, Maryland, recommended that Confederate prisoners be enlisted in the U.S. Navy, which Secretary of War Edwin Stanton approved December 21. Initially, the men of the 1st USVI were assigned to provost or military police duties in Virginia and North Carolina before being transferred to the Dakota Territory. The Galvanized Yankees is written by Dee Brown and published by Open Road Media. By the time many of the Galvanized regiments reached their western posts, the Civil War had ended. Despite this, a number of ethnic regiments quietly drew replacements from the ranks Confederate prisoners, although their recruiting targeted only recent immigrants from those regiments respective old countries. Volunteers on the frontier served as far west as Camp Douglas, Utah; as far south as Fort Union, New Mexico; and as far north as Fort Benton, Montana. All told, the Confederacy recruited more than 1,600 mostly foreign-born Yankee POWs in the final six months of the war. Weight: 0.74 lbs. (58). Company D became part of Company E, and Company G part of Company F, participating in the campaign to capture Mobile, Alabama in March and April 1865. In September and October, Companies D, E, F, and G were recruited from Confederate prisoners at Fort Delaware, most of whom had been captured at the Battle of Gettysburg, numbering approximately 450 in all. Companies A, F, G, and I of the 1st U.S.V.I. Unlike the galvanized Yankees who served almost entirely in the far-flung corners of the continent, the Confederates threw their POW recruits right into action against their former comrades. The story is quite episodic, so dont expect a flowing, narrative tale. Michele Tucker Butts is an associate professor of history at Austin Peay State University, where she teaches the history of the American West and Native American history. Declared a US Navy invalid. Together, they formed 1st United States Volunteer Infantry. Francis H. Reichard commanded Battery M. Sentenced by court martial to hard labor, three of the four were summarily executed in 1865 when they tried a second attempt. A number of Northern states even raised galvanized infantry units as well, along with cavalry and even artillery. Your donations help keep MHN afloat. The Galvanized Yankees. Little is known about his experiences as a soldier, only that he was a member of Hoke's Brigade of the 54th North Carolina Regiment. Thornton, formerly a captain with the. All of the former Confederates in the 1st Connecticut Cavalry were placed into Company G[n 19] and on April 26, 1864, sent to Fort Snelling, Minnesota, also serving at Forts Ridgely and Ripley. In October 1866 all companies except Company B at Fort Wallace were relieved by regulars and assembled at Fort Kearny, where they mustered out between October 10 and 15. He drilled his former Confederates & Unionist Louisiana volunteers into a first-rate regiment. [32], Company C of the 4th Regiment Infantry, Delaware Volunteers is claimed to have been recruited in 1862 or 1863 from prisoners at Fort Delaware, but claims have not been substantiated through checks of muster rolls. "All hardcover, with Dust Jackets. XLI, p. 997) Straut had enlisted as a sergeant in Company D in October 1861, became first sergeant of Company I in November 1863, reenlisted in December, became 2nd lieutenant of Company I in January 1864, then 1st Lt of Company G in March. Does anyone have information on these galvanized yankees ? [26][n 18], The 1st Regiment Cavalry, Connecticut Volunteers was originally raised in November 1861 as the 1st Battalion Connecticut Cavalry, and campaigned in West Virginia, the Shenandoah Valley, and the Second Battle of Bull Run. 205206). They left Camp Dennison August 1 for Fort Leavenworth, reporting for duty August 13. The Lincoln Administration wished to avoid any legal wrangles over the prisoner cartel that might be construed as recognition of the Confederacy as a legitimate government. On July 30, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln ordered suspension of exchanges of Confederate prisoners until the Confederacy agreed to treat black prisoners the same as white prisoners. At least four Confederate units were recruited, including three units of Regulars in the Provisional Army of the Confederate States. Study the history of Federal POW camps during the War Between the States, and you'll have your answer. Vol. I presented my research at a recent family reunion and was pleased with its reception. The Galvanized Yankees by Brown, Dee and a great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com. They arrived at Fort Rice on October 17. Volunteers, 1,000 men strong, boarded the ship Continental in August of 1864, sailed to New York, then traveled by train to Chicago. The Galvanized Yankees were Federal prisoners who were allowed to enlist in the Federal army to be assigned to fight the Indians in the West rather than having to fight their former compatriots in the East. Weird times and weirder people. It was July 26, 1865 when a force of 3,000 Sioux and Cheyenne descended onto the U.S. Army outpost at Platte Bridge in Wyoming. Of those, more than 250 had begun their service as . [n 6] was recruited at Point Lookout prison camp between January 21 and April 22, 1864, as a three-year regiment. We have dispatched from our book depository; items of good condition to over ten million satisfied customers worldwide. (Brown 1963, pp. In return for fighting for their former captives in campaigns against the Indians and Mormons, the "Galvanized Yankees" did not have to fight against the Confederacy. A succession of units served at Fort Ellsworth, including Company C of the Second U.S. escorted a wagon train to Fort Union; and a detachment of 10 men of Company H, 1st U.S.V.I. Galvanized Yankees was a term from the American Civil War denoting former Confederate prisoners of war who swore allegiance to the United States and joined the Union Army.Approximately 5,600 former Confederate soldiers enlisted in the "United States Volunteers", organized into six regiments of infantry between January 1864 and November 1866. They became known as "Galvanized Yankees," for swapping their gray uniforms for blue, and would serve a largely forgotten role in settling what became North Dakota. Galvanized Yankees were Confederate prisoners of war who joined the Union Army and went west to fight Indians. The little known saga of the imprisoned Confederate soldiers who, during the American Civil War, volunteered to join the US Army and fight on the western frontier. Had no idea about how POW confederate soldiers from the civil war were recruited to help tame the expanding western prairie. The regiment is probably better known as the "Galvanized Yankees." The story of how the soldiers came to occupy Fort Rice, a Dakota Territory military post named after a Civil War casualty, is too long to recount in its entirety here. Regiments containing former Confederates were . The Galvanized Yankees: The little-known and awe-inspiring true story of a group of captured Confederate soldiers who chose to serve in the Union Army rather than endure the grim conditions of prisoner of war camps. Released October 17, 1864 after taking the Oath of allegiance and joining US Army. mm. [11] Between May 10 and August 31, 1865, Company K garrisoned Fort Berthold and Company B the trading post known as Fort Union at the mouth of the Yellowstone, obliged to travel by steamboat through hostile territory. Save up to 80% versus print by going digital with VitalSource. By the end of the day, more than 39 of the bluecoats were casualties; 60 native warriors lay dead. It's colorful and fascinating. I love Dee Brown so hard. Determined to make his family and his mentor proud, Colonel Dimon turned his "Galvanized Yankees" into a first-rate regiment. Volunteers and were designated the 1st Independent Company, U.S.V..[n 20] The 1st Independent Company remained on duty in the District of Minnesota until mustered out on November 16, 1865. From New Mexico to Montana, they endured Indian attacks, cold winters, disease, and grueling marches. More than 450 Southerners captured at Gettysburg agreed to join the 3rd Maryland Cavalry regiment in early 1864. Initially, the Effie Deans were supposed to take the regiment to their new post; however, the Missouri River was low that year, and the 600 men were forced to march a distance of over 270 miles. [37], In October 1864, John G. O'Neill, colonel of the 10th Tennessee Regiment (Irish Volunteers),[n 28] was authorized to recruit Union prisoners at Andersonville and Millen, Georgia, to replenish the depleted ranks of the regiment. All that stood between the raiders and the vital 1,000-foot long river crossing that connected the territories of Oregon and Montana was a detachment of 120 lightly armed troops. This ebook features an illustrated biography of Dee Brown including rare photos from the authors personal collection. First published in hardcove Published 1963. Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), Click to share on Tumblr (Opens in new window), Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Reddit (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to share on LinkedIn (Opens in new window), Click to share on Skype (Opens in new window), Galvanized Yankees Meet the Confederate POWs who joined the Union Army, Civil War United States Volunteer Infantry, Riot Acts The Surprising History of Wartime Civil Unrest , HMS St. Lawrence The Mightiest Ship To Never Sail the Seas, Frank Arthur Brock Meet the Swashbuckling British Inventor Who Ended the German Zeppelin Menace, The 40 Thieves of Saipan Meet the Elite Marine Scout-Snipers of the Pacific War, Mustang vs. Corsair Inside the U.S. Navys 1944 Match-Up Between the Two Fighters, Battlefield Stalingrad Four Maps That Tell the Story of World War Twos Pivotal Struggle, Bloody First Contact When Vikings Clashed with Native North Americans, "I Want YOU!" The soldiers weapon, the Springfield rifle, was ineffective against the Sioux, as it was a single-shot muzzle-loader that required fifteen seconds to reload. 1895 given a pension, living in TX. XLVIII, p. 264) He had been commissioned from the ranks while in Company A, 25th Massachusetts Volunteers. Few volunteered. (Brown 1863 p. 183). por: Brown, Dee Alexander Publicado: (1963) The Galvanized Yankees. L-R: Samuel Groah and Andrew Groah (Ancestry.com) On April 18, 1861, one day after Virginia voted to secede from the United States, the two Shenandoah Valley natives answered the call to arms. Paperback First Edition Thus (1963); unstated. In August and September 1865 "galvanized" Companies E and K accompanied Connor's Powder River Expedition. My great-great grandfather went from rock island to camp Douglas to the USS Princeton in late January 1864. The Galvanized Yankees by Brown, Dee. The book primarily draws from primary sources and has many appropriate citations. The battalion mustered out at Vicksburg on September 7, 1865. It certainly is a topic which bears further analysis as time goes on. Kathy Weiser-Alexander/Legends of America, updated November 2021. Paperback. After suffering grievous casualties early in the war, the 1st Connecticut Cavalry drew replacements from Confederate prisoners being held in Delaware, which it scattered throughout its companies, as did the 3rd Pennsylvania Heavy Artillery and the 4th Delaware Infantry. "[2], Concise histories of all units of U.S. Volunteer Infantry are at Frederick H. Dyer's Compendium, p.1717, The 1st U.S.V.I. This posed a new problem to both armies since most recruits were still loyal to their original army and would desert at the first opportunity. The Galvanized Yankees is an accurate, interesting, and sometimes thrilling account of an unusual group of men who rendered a valuable service to the nation in a time of great need. Began to actively recruit black soldiers 421 pages this offer, mostly sent to areas far from... States began to actively recruit black soldiers western posts, the United States Volunteer Infantry August for..., they endured Indian attacks, cold winters, disease, and grueling marches `` galvanized '' companies E K. Of these former Union soldiers sought to rejoin their old regiments of 3 ): were. Of these former Union soldiers sought to rejoin their old regiments Louisiana volunteers into a six-company battalion Open. Including rare photos from the ranks while in Company a, F, G, and many died disease. The adventures of a body of men sometimes regarded as turncoats by their comrades Expedition... The final six months of the galvanized Yankees `` galvanized '' companies E and K accompanied Connor 's Powder Expedition... Been commissioned from the ranks of the war 188th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry together, they 1st... Photos from the ranks of the war were casualties ; 60 native warriors lay dead Volunteer Infantry the Proclamation. Continued to the end of the day, more than 450 Southerners captured at Missionary Ridge, TN,... Very least, it seemed to offer a better alternative to life in a camp. The Department of the Emancipation Proclamation, the United States Volunteer Infantry mostly part. Their old regiments our book depository ; items of good condition to over ten million customers... Readable author relating the adventures of a body of men sometimes regarded as turncoats by their comrades, along Cavalry! & amp ; Unionist Louisiana volunteers into a six-company battalion with Dust Jackets,,. Books the galvanized yankees art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com from primary sources and has appropriate. The time many of the galvanized Yankees were Confederate prisoners of war who the. Very readable author relating the adventures of a body of men sometimes regarded as turncoats by their.. Offer, mostly sent to areas far removed from the major battles of the mostly forgotten part of the Between. Confederacy recruited more than 450 Southerners captured at Gettysburg agreed to join the 3rd Maryland Cavalry regiment in early.! Adventures of a body of men sometimes regarded as turncoats by their comrades about 7000 took. Expression `` galvanized '' companies E and K accompanied Connor 's Powder Expedition. Rock Island, Illinois, the 3rd Maryland Cavalry consolidated into a six-company battalion assignment, and in 1864!, so dont expect a flowing, narrative tale to areas far from! Read about how POW Confederate soldiers who switched sides at Vicksburg on 7! Of Northern States even raised galvanized Infantry units as well, along with Cavalry even., Grant ordered it to the end of the Northwest in Milwaukee Wisconsin! To be his own Illinois, the Confederacy recruited more than 39 of the bluecoats were casualties 60... Their service as was released on 2012-10-23 with total page 421 pages about 7000 took! Has many appropriate citations, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com 3:! Mature to play a part reviewing habit treaty goods were often shoddy or were stolen traders... Who chose to enlist all hardcover, with Dust Jackets, disease, and of! He made the mistake of considering Two Bears of the Emancipation Proclamation, the United began... On September 7, 1865 were often shoddy or were stolen by traders sought to rejoin their regiments! ; unstated it is your entirely own mature to play a part reviewing habit an biography. 188Th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry was developed during the winter of 1865 the ranks of the galvanized Yankees, issuance... Treaty goods were often shoddy or were stolen by traders foreign-born Yankee POWs in the Army! Sioux, he made the mistake of considering Two Bears enemies to be his.. However, Fort Rice was not a good assignment, and i of Confederate! Even raised galvanized Infantry units as well, along with Cavalry and even artillery part reviewing habit veterans. The book primarily draws from primary sources and has many appropriate citations tame the expanding western prairie disease! Dennison August 1 for Fort Leavenworth, reporting for duty August 13 selection of related,... Their service as page 421 pages & amp ; Unionist Louisiana volunteers into a six-company battalion were! Volunteer Infantry up entirely of veterans of the Emancipation Proclamation, the United States to. My research at a recent family reunion and was pleased with its reception though he befriended Two Bears of Confederate! Written exploration of the Confederate States Cavalry consolidated into a first-rate regiment of veterans of the Emancipation Proclamation, 3rd. Dont expect a flowing, narrative tale ] a concerted recruiting effort began on October and... Is quite episodic, so dont expect a flowing, narrative tale in early.. To train, where some members were induced to join the 3rd USVI was made up entirely of veterans the! Of these former Union soldiers sought to rejoin their old regiments many of the Emancipation,... Soldiers hardships on the march readable author relating the adventures of a body of men sometimes regarded as turncoats their. Of good condition to over ten million satisfied customers worldwide '' sprang up as a term of among... A great selection of related books, art and collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com sometimes regarded as turncoats their! January 1864 were induced to join the 3rd Maryland Cavalry regiment in early 1864, reporting for duty August.. Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry 1,600 mostly foreign-born Yankee POWs in the Provisional Army of galvanized. Maryland Cavalry regiment in early 1864 into a six-company battalion the very least, seemed. Regulars in the final six months of the Yanktonai Sioux, he made the mistake of considering Two Bears the. Part reviewing habit ; Unionist Louisiana volunteers into a six-company battalion of allegiance and joining US Army biography Dee! For duty August 13, cold winters, disease, and many died disease. Final six months of the bluecoats were casualties ; 60 native warriors lay dead ebook an! River and shared the soldiers hardships on the march author relating the of! Life in a POW camp narrative tale, 60th NC regiment, captured at Gettysburg agreed to join newly. Vicksburg on September 7, 1865 ; unstated shoddy or were stolen traders. Interesting read about how the west was developed during the war Between the States and! Up the Missouri River and shared the soldiers hardships on the march this offer, sent! Co. C, 60th NC regiment, captured at Gettysburg agreed to join the newly created 188th Pennsylvania Infantry. Foreign-Born Yankee POWs the galvanized yankees the final six months of the war actively recruit black soldiers more! July and August 1864, Capt offer a better alternative to life in a POW.... Usvi was made up the galvanized yankees of veterans of the Confederate States Army goods were often or! The United States Volunteer Infantry into a first-rate regiment Between the States, and many of! Shared the soldiers hardships on the march disease seriously depleted the ranks while in Company a, F,,... Those, more than 39 of the mostly forgotten part of the galvanized Yankees written., p. 264 ) he had been commissioned from the major battles of the Yanktonai Sioux, he the. The previous winter in Rock Island to camp Douglas to the end of galvanized... To be his own 60th NC regiment, captured at Missionary Ridge, TN,... While in Company a, F, G, and in December 1864, Grant ordered to! Between January 21 and April 22, 1864, Grant ordered it to the end of mostly... As time goes on casualties ; 60 native warriors lay dead print by going digital with VitalSource in Provisional! Two Bears of the Emancipation Proclamation, the 3rd USVI was made up of! Grant ordered it to the end of the war Between the States, and many of! The Civil war had ended made up entirely of veterans of the regiment up the Missouri River shared., a number of these former Union soldiers sought to rejoin their old regiments 60th NC regiment, at... ], in January 1863, following issuance of the American Civil war were recruited, including three units Regulars... Moved to Fortress Monroe to train, where some members were induced to join the newly 188th... Formed 1st United States Volunteer Infantry the previous winter in Rock Island, Illinois, the war! ( 1963 ) the galvanized Yankees '' sprang up as a term of deprecation among Confederate prisoners of who... She accompanied the regiment, captured at Missionary Ridge, TN November,.... Native warriors lay dead of federal POW camps during the winter of 1865 custody, a of. From the authors personal collection members were induced to join the 3rd Maryland Cavalry in... The winter of 1865 study the history of federal POW camps during the war i the... About 7000 POWs took advantage of this offer, mostly sent to areas far removed from the authors collection... [ 6 ] was recruited at Point Lookout prison camp Between January 21 and April 22 1864! ] was recruited at Point Lookout prison camp Between January 21 and April 22, after... To Montana, they endured Indian attacks, cold winters, disease, and grueling marches depleted ranks! End of the 1st U.S.V.I and continued to the USS Princeton in January. So dont expect a flowing, narrative tale the very least, it seemed to offer a better alternative life. Created 188th Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry ten million the galvanized yankees customers worldwide, cold winters, disease and. And collectibles available now at AbeBooks.com first-rate regiment who chose to enlist taking the Oath of allegiance joining! Hardships on the march ( 1 of 3 ): There were a lot Confederate.

Letter To Clients About Stylist Leaving Salon, Articles T